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The first step in reverse engineering the key fob was to determine its operating frequency.
![hackrf one instructions hackrf one instructions](https://miloserdov.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/hackrf_info-1.png)
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Another important development is the popular Raspberry Pi single-board computer, which offers a full Linux operating system running on a 900Mhz quad-core processor, 4 USB ports, display outputs and 40 general-purpose input-output (GPIO) pins, which provides an easy-to-use, affordable testing base for the experimental jam and replay attack outlined below. The computer performs complex tasks, such as demodulation, which refers to extracting the original signal from a carrier wave.īesides, advances in computing hardware and software have allowed for complex signal analysis using graphical flow graph software, such as GNURadio, capable of manipulating, decoding and encoding data for use with software-defined radios. The setup typically involves an RF front end and an analog-to-digital converter, connected to a computer via USB. Software-Defined radio is a radio system where components traditionally implemented in hardware, such as filters and demodulators, are instead implemented in software. *Figure 2: HackRF used to analyze signal * Several new technologies have made RF security testing simpler and more affordable for hobbyists and researchers, the most important development being the software-defined radio. Quick Intro to RF Hardware & Software Proof-of-Concept device
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With a rolling code system, a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), installed in the vehicle and the key fob, is used to periodically change the required code after a keypress, usually with a buffer to account for accidental out-of-range button presses. The vehicle receives the signal and confirms that it is a valid code, then performs the required action.
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In this demonstration, The key fob was using a one-way RKE requires a manual button press to activate. Commonly, this comes in the form of a key fob, with buttons that communicate using radio frequency (RF) signals with a receiver to perform a certain action, such as locking or unlocking a vehicle. Keyless Entry SystemsĪ remote keyless entry system simply refers to any electronic lock that functions without the use of a mechanical key. Then uses a Raspberry Pi running RPiTX to generate a jamming signal, and the HackRF to capture and replay the car keyfob signal. In this demonstrating I had used the HackRF to initially find the frequency that the key fob of Maruti Suzuki WagonR operates at and to analyze the signal and determine some of its properties. Note that if the user unlocks the car using the mechanical key after the first try, the second code capture is not required, and the first code can be used to unlock the vehicle. The process can be repeated frequently by placing the device in the proximity of the car. This results in the attacker possessing the next valid rolling code, granting them access to the vehicle.
![hackrf one instructions hackrf one instructions](https://m.media-amazon.com/images/I/71pVJ7QoEaL._AC_SL1500_.jpg)
When the user presses the key fob again, the device captures the second code and transmits the first code, so that the user’s required action is performed. The device simultaneously intercepts the rolling code by using a tighter receive band, and stores it for later use.
![hackrf one instructions hackrf one instructions](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ja6LTDf9wAk/maxresdefault.jpg)
This is possible as Remote Keyless Entries are often intended with a receive band that is wider than the bandwidth of the key fob signal.
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The attacker appropriates a device with simultaneous transmit and receive capabilities to produce a jamming signal, to restrict the car from receiving the validation code from the key fob. Just to be clear, I worked on this project because I was interested in learning the basics of radio and how data is modulated.